Characteristics
|
|
Rainforests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions
setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 2,000 mm (about 78
inches or 2 meters) and 1700 mm (about 67 inches). The soil can be
poor because high rainfall tends to leach out soluble nutrients.
Rain forests are home to two-thirds of all the living animal and
plant species on the planet. It has been estimated that many
hundreds of millions of new species of plants, insects, and
microorganisms are still undiscovered and as yet unnamed by science.
Tropical rain forests are called the "jewel of the earth", the
"Earth's lungs", and the "world's largest pharmacy" because of the
large amount of natural medicines discovered there. |
Despite the growth of flora in a rainforest, the actual quality of
the soil is quite poor. Oxisols, infertile, and deeply weathered,
have developed on the ancient Gondwanan shields. Rapid bacterial
decay prevents the accumulation of humus. The concentration of iron
and aluminum oxides by the laterization process gives the oxisols a
bright red color and sometimes produces minable deposits (e.g.
bauxite). On younger substrates, especially of volcanic origin,
tropical soils may be quite fertile.
The undergrowth in a rainforest is restricted in many areas by the
lack of sunlight at ground level. This makes it possible for people
and other animals to walk through the forest. If the leaf canopy is
destroyed or thinned for any reason, the ground beneath is soon
colonised by a dense tangled growth of vines, shrubs and small trees
called jungle. |
 |